Python is another very nice general purpose programming language. Going from Python to Ruby, you’ll find that there’s a little bit more syntax to learn than with Python.

Similarities

As with Python, in Ruby,...

• There’s an interactive prompt (called irb).
• You can read docs on the command line (with the ri command instead of pydoc).
• There are no special line terminators (except the usual newline).
• String literals can span multiple lines like Python’s triple-quoted strings.
• Brackets are for lists, and braces are for dicts (which, in Ruby, are called “hashes”).
• Arrays work the same (adding them makes one long array, but composing them like this a3 = [ a1, a2 ] gives you an array of arrays).
• Objects are strongly and dynamically typed.
• Everything is an object, and variables are just references to objects.
• Although the keywords are a bit different, exceptions work about the same.
• You’ve got embedded doc tools (Ruby’s is called rdoc).

Differences

Unlike Python, in Ruby,...

• Strings are mutable.
• You can make constants (variables whose value you don’t intend to change).
• There are some enforced case-conventions (ex. class names start with a capital letter, variables start with a lowercase letter).
• There’s only one kind of list container (an Array), and it’s mutable.
• Double-quoted strings allow escape sequences (like \t) and a special “expression substitution” syntax (which allows you to insert the results of Ruby expressions directly into other strings without having to "add " + "strings " + "together"). Single-quoted strings are like Python’s r"raw strings".
• There are no “new style” and “old style” classes. Just one kind.
• You never directly access attributes. With Ruby, it’s all method calls.
• Parentheses for method calls are usually optional.
• There’s public, private, and protected to enforce access, instead of Python’s _voluntary_ underscore __convention__.
• “mixin’s” are used instead of multiple inheritance.
• You can re-open a class anytime and add more methods.
• You’ve got true and false instead of True and False (and nil instead of None).
• When tested for truth, only false and nil evaluate to a false value. Everything else is true (including 0, 0.0, "", and []).
• It’s elsif instead of elif.
• It’s require instead of import. Otherwise though, usage is the same.
• The usual-style comments on the line(s) above things (instead of docstrings below them) are used for generating docs.
• There are a number of shortcuts that, although give you more to remember, you quickly learn. They tend to make Ruby fun and very productive.